Chemical Reactions and Equations

Types of reactions, balancing equations, and key observations like color change, gas release, and precipitate formation.

Acids, Bases and Salts

Properties, pH scale, indicators, neutralization, and common salts with their uses.

Metals and Non-metals

Physical/chemical properties, reactivity series, corrosion prevention, and extraction basics.

Carbon and its Compounds

Covalent bonding, versatile carbon chains, homologous series, functional groups, and key reactions of hydrocarbons.

Light - Reflection and Refraction

Laws of reflection/refraction, mirror and lens formulas, and image formation by spherical mirrors and lenses.

Chapter 10 – The Human Eye and the Colourful World

Structure and working of the human eye, defects of vision, and atmospheric refraction causing natural optical phenomena.

Chapter 11 – Electricity

Electric current, potential difference, Ohm’s law, resistance, series/parallel combinations, and heating effects of current.

Chapter 12 – Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Magnetic field and field lines, right-hand thumb rule, magnetic effects of current, and applications like electric motors.

Life Processes

Nutrition, respiration, transport, and excretion in organisms to show how living beings sustain themselves.

Control and Coordination

Coordination in plants and animals via nervous and hormonal control systems.

How do Organisms Reproduce?

Asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and animals with key comparisons.

Heredity

Inheritance patterns, dominant and recessive traits, and variation across generations.

Our Environment

Ecosystem components, food chains and webs, energy flow, and impacts of human activity on the environment.

Real Numbers

Euclid’s division lemma, HCF/LCM, and irrational numbers with decimal expansions.

Polynomials

Zeros of polynomials, relationship between zeros and coefficients, and polynomial division.

Pair of Linear Equations

Graphical and algebraic solutions, consistency, and applications of linear equation pairs.

Quadratic Equations

Roots of quadratics, factorization, quadratic formula, and nature of roots via discriminant.

Arithmetic Progressions

AP terms, nth term formula, and sum of n terms with real-life applications.

Coordinate Geometry

Distance, section, and area formulas using coordinates in the plane.

Triangles

Congruence, similarity, criteria, and Pythagoras theorem applications.

Circles

Tangents to a circle, number of tangents, and properties of tangent lengths.

Trigonometry (Intro, Identities, Applications)

Trigonometric ratios, identities, heights and distances, and basic applications.

Areas Related to Circles

Areas of sectors/segments, and applications to composite figures involving circles.

Surface Areas & Volumes

Surface area and volume of 3D solids and combinations like frustums.

Statistics

Mean, median, mode for grouped data, and cumulative frequency representations.

Probability

Classical probability for simple events and complementary events in everyday contexts.