NAZISM AND THE RISE OF HITLER

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Overview

• Helmuth’s father was a Nazi and Hitler supporter.
• Nazis under Hitler aimed for German power and European conquest.
• Nazism more than isolated acts: a system, ideas about world, politics.
• Explore Nazism’s essence: Understand Helmuth’s father’s suicide and his fears.

Helmuth’s Story

• Spring 1945: 11-year-old German boy, Helmuth, hears parents’ serious talk.
• Father, a physician, debates family’s fate or his own suicide due to revenge fears.
• Father’s concern: Allies might retaliate as they did to others.
• Next day: Father takes Helmuth to woods, joyful time singing children’s songs.
• Tragedy strikes: Father ends life, Helmuth witnesses burning uniform.
• Trauma’s grip: Helmuth avoids home-cooked meals 9 years, fearing poisoning.

Germany’s WWII Atrocities: Crimes Against Humanity

• Germany’s Surrender: May 1945
• Hitler’s Demise: April 1945
• Hitler, Goebbels, Family Suicide
• Nuremberg Tribunal: International Military Tribunal
• Prosecution for War Crimes, Crimes Against Peace, Crimes Against Humanity
• Actions Inviting Moral Questions:
  • Crimes Against Humanity
  • Definition and Scope
• Worldwide Condemnation:
  • Ethical Concerns
  • Global Outrage
• Germany’s Conduct During WWII:
  • Unprecedented Brutality
  • Inhumane Experiments
  • Systematic Genocide

Nazi Germany’s Genocidal War

• Genocidal War Under WWII’s Shadow:
  • Mass Murder of Innocent Civilians
  • Targeted Groups: Jews, Gypsies, Polish Civilians, Disabled Germans, Political Opponents
• Staggering Death Toll:
  • 6 Million Jews
  • 200,000 Gypsies
  • 1 Million Polish Civilians
  • 70,000 Disabled Germans
• Unprecedented Killing Methods:
  • Gas Chambers in Auschwitz and Other Centers
• Nuremberg Tribunal Verdict:
  • Eleven Leading Nazis Sentenced to Death
  • Others Imprisoned for Life
• Retribution vs. Extent of Crimes:
  • Discrepancy in Punishment
  • Allies’ Reluctance for Harsh Measures
• Tracing Nazi Rise to WWI’s Aftermath:
  • German Experience After First World War
  • Seeds of Nazi Ideology Planted

Transformation after WWI: Weimar Republic’s Formation

• First World War (1914-1918):
  • Germany and Austrian Empire vs. Allies (England, France, Russia)
  • Hopes for Quick Victory
  • Prolonged War Drains Europe’s Resources
• Germany’s Initial Gains:
  • Occupation of France and Belgium
• Allies’ Strength Increase:
  • US Entry in 1917
• Allied Victory and Imperial Germany’s Defeat:
  • November 1918
  • Abdication of Emperor
• Opportunity for Political Change:
  • Defeat Opens Door for Transformation
• Weimar National Assembly:
  • Formed Post-Defeat
  • Democratic Constitution Established
• Democratic Constitution Features:
  • Federal Structure
  • Equal and Universal Voting
  • Inclusion of Women in Voting
• German Parliament (Reichstag):
  • Deputies Elected Through Universal Adult Suffrage

Treaty of Versailles: Impact of Weimar Republic

• Harsh Peace Treaty:
  • Treaty of Versailles
  • Unfavorable Terms for Germany
• Losses and Territories:
  • Overseas Colonies Lost
  • Population Decrease
  • Significant Territorial Loss
• Economic Depletion:
  • Loss of Resources
  • 75% of Iron
  • 26% of Coal
• Demilitarization:
  • Allied Powers Weaken German Military
• War Guilt Clause:
  • Germany Blamed for War
  • Responsibility for Damages
• Compensation Burden:
  • Forced Payment of £6 Billion
• Occupation of Rhineland:
  • Resource-Rich Area Occupied by Allies
• Negative Perception:
  • Weimar Republic Held Responsible for:
    • Defeat in War
    • Humiliation at Versailles

Weimar Republic’s Post-War Challenges

• Europe’s Shift: Creditors to Debtors
• Weimar Burden: Guilt, Humiliation, Compensation
• Financial Strain: Forced Payments, Crisis
• Supporters Targeted: Socialists, Catholics, Democrats
• Term: “November Criminals” for Supporters

WWI’s Impact on Europe

• Soldier-Centric Shift: Above Civilians
• Media Glorification vs. Harsh Reality
• Challenges: Gas, Shelling, Rapid Loss
• War Propaganda: Aggression, Honour
• Rise of Conservative Dictatorships
• Fragile Democracy Amid Instabilities

Political Radicalism and Economic Crises

• Weimar Republic and Spartacist Uprising
• Soviets Established, Berlin’s Charged Atmosphere
• Weimar Meeting: Democratic Republic’s Shape
• Suppression by Weimar Republic, Free Corps’ Help
• Spartacists Form Communist Party
• Communists vs. Socialists: Irreconcilable
• Economic Crisis of 1923:Germany funded war with loans, owed reparations in gold.
• Gold reserves depleted as resources were scarce.
• French Reaction: Germany refused reparations payment.
• French occupied Ruhr for owed coal.
• German Response: Passive resistance against French occupation.
• Reckless printing of paper currency.
• Mark’s Devaluation:Too much printed money led to falling value.
• Mark-to-dollar exchange rates:
  • April: 24,000 marks for $1
  • July: 353,000 marks for $1
  • August: 4,621,000 marks for $1
  • December: 98,860,000 marks for $1 (in trillions)

Hyperinflation in Germany

• Hyperinflation Crisis:
  • Soaring goods’ prices due to mark’s devaluation.
  • Iconic image: Germans with currency for bread.
  • Worldwide sympathy due to publicized images.
• Hyperinflation Defined:
  • Extreme rise in prices, known as hyperinflation

The Years of Depression

• 1924-1928: Period of apparent stability but built on fragile grounds due to German reliance on short-term loans from the USA.
• 1929: Wall Street Crash leads to withdrawal of support, triggering panic selling of shares.
• October 24, 1929: 13 million shares sold, marking the start of the Great Economic Depression.
• 1929-1932: US national income shrinks by 50%, causing factory closures, export decline, and farmer hardships.
• Global impact: Worldwide repercussions due to the interconnectedness of the US economy.
• Anxiety and fear due to economic crisis, impacting various societal segments.
• Middle class, salaried employees, and pensioners saw savings erode due to currency devaluation.
• Small business owners, self-employed, and retailers suffered business losses.
• Fear of proletarianization: Worry about becoming part of the working class or facing unemployment.
• Organized workers maintained stability, but unemployment weakened their bargaining power.
• Big business faced crisis, agricultural prices fell, and women experienced despair over feeding their children.
• Weimar Republic politically fragile due to inherent defects in constitution.
• Proportional representation hindered majority party formation, resulting in coalitions.
• Article 48 granted President emergency powers, including suspension of civil rights and ruling by decree.
• Weimar Republic experienced frequent cabinet changes (20 cabinets, average 239 days) and liberal use of Article 48.
• Confidence lost in democratic parliamentary system due to inability to manage crisis effectively.

The Rise of Hitler

• Background of crisis in economy, politics, and society sets the stage for Hitler’s rise.
• Born in 1889 in Austria, Hitler faced poverty in his youth.
• First World War enlistment: He joined the army, rose from messenger to corporal, earned bravery medals.
• Impact of German defeat and Versailles Treaty: Hitler was horrified by the former, furious at the latter.
• 1919: He joined German Workers’ Party, eventually took control, renamed it National Socialist German Workers’ Party, known as the Nazi Party
• 1923: Hitler’s failed Bavaria takeover plan; arrested, tried for treason, and later released.
• Early 1930s: Nazis struggled to gain popular support until the Great Depression.
• Great Depression Impact: Banks collapsed, businesses shut, workers unemployed, middle class faced destitution.
• Nazi Propaganda: Offered hope for a better future amid the crisis.
• 1928: Nazi Party received only 2.6% votes in the German parliament.
• 1932: Remarkable shift, Nazi Party became the largest party with 37% votes.

Adolf Hitler

• Hitler’s Oratory Skills: Strong speaker, his passion and words stirred people.
• Promises Made:
• Build a strong nation, overturn Versailles Treaty injustices, restore German dignity.
• Provide jobs for job seekers, assure a secure future for youth.
• Eliminate foreign influences, counter foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany.

Hitler’s Politics

• New Political Style: Hitler introduced novel political approach, emphasizing rituals and spectacle for mass mobilization.
• Massive Rallies: Nazis organized large gatherings to showcase Hitler’s backing and foster unity.
• Symbolism: Red banners with Swastika, Nazi salute, and ritual applause post speeches created a powerful spectacle of power.

The Goal of Nazi Propaganda

• Nazi Propaganda Strategy: Portrayed Hitler as a messiah, a savior figure.
• Imaginative Impact: People’s shattered dignity and pride, coupled with economic and political crises, made them receptive to this image.

Democracy Uprooted

• Jan 30, 1933: President Hindenburg offers Chancellorship to Hitler, highest cabinet position.
• Nazis’ Growing Influence: Conservatives join Nazi cause, aiding their rise.
• Hitler’s Actions After Gaining Power:
  • Dismantling Democracy: Focuses on dismantling democratic structures.
  • Mysterious Fire: Fire in German Parliament building in February; provides opportunity.
  • Feb 28, 1933: Fire Decree suspends civic rights guaranteed by Weimar constitution, like freedom of speech and assembly.
  • Targeting Communists: Turns on Communists, many sent to new concentration camps.
  • Repression: Severe suppression of Communists, 1,440 out of 6,808 arrest files in Duesseldorf were of Communists.
  • Wider Persecution: Nazis targeted 52 different victim groups across the country.

The Enabling Act

• Mar 3, 1933: Enabling Act passed, a significant turning point.
• Dictatorship Established: Act hands Hitler authority to bypass Parliament, rule via decrees.
• Political Suppression: Ban on all parties and trade unions, excluding Nazi Party and affiliates.
• Total State Control: State seizes control over economy, media, military, and judiciary.

Nazis

• Surveillance and Security Forces: Created for Nazi control and societal order.
• Additional Forces: Besides regular police and SA, Gestapo (secret police), SS (protection squads), criminal police, and Security Service (SD) were established.
• Resulting Reputation: Nazi state gained feared image due to these forces’ extra-constitutional powers.
• Detention and Oppression: People subjected to Gestapo’s brutal tactics, detained, sent to camps, or deported without legal process.
• Unchecked Authority: Police gained immense power to rule without consequences.

Economic Recovery and Reconstruction

• Economic Recovery: Hitler tasked economist Hjalmar Schacht for the job.
• Aim: Achieve full production and employment via state-funded work-creation plan.
• Notable Outcomes: Initiative led to construction of German superhighways.
• People’s Car: Schacht oversaw creation of the Volkswagen, a car for the masses.

Germany’s Reconstruction

• Foreign Policy Successes: Hitler achieved swift victories in foreign affairs.
• League of Nations: Left the League in 1933.
• Rhineland: Reoccupied in 1936.
• Austria Integration: Unified Austria and Germany in 1938.
• Slogan: Emphasized unity: “One people, One empire, One leader.”
• Sudetenland Acquisition: Obtained German-speaking Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, later annexed the entire country.
• Implicit Support: England’s tacit backing due to its perception of harshness in Versailles Treaty.
• Domestic and International Reversal: These swift successes seemed to change the country’s fortunes.

Hitler’s Expansionist Agenda and Rise to Power

• Rearmament Disagreement: Schacht advised against heavy rearmament due to deficit financing, but cautious voices were marginalized.
• Schacht’s Departure: Schacht had to leave due to differing views.
• Hitler’s Solution: Chose war to resolve impending economic crisis, accumulating resources through territorial expansion.
• Invasion of Poland: September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, sparking war with France and England.
• Tripartite Pact: September 1940, Pact signed between Germany, Italy, and Japan, strengthening Hitler’s global influence.
• Puppet Regimes: Installed across Europe, supportive of Nazi ideology.
• Peak of Power: By end of 1940, Hitler reached the height of his power.

Hitler’s Eastern Expansion:

• Aim: Conquer Eastern Europe for food supplies and living space.
• June 1941: Hitler attacks Soviet Union for this purpose.
• Blunder: Exposed German fronts to British bombing and Soviet forces.
• Stalingrad: Humiliating defeat inflicted by Soviet Red Army.
• Retreat to Berlin: Soviet Red Army pursues German soldiers, establishing Soviet control over Eastern Europe.

USA’s Involvement:

• USA resists war due to economic aftermath of First World War.
• Japan’s Expansion: Japan’s actions in Asia raise concerns.
• Pearl Harbor: Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor forces USA into Second World War.
• War Conclusion: War ends in May 1945 with Hitler’s defeat and US dropping atom bomb on Hiroshima.

Nazi Ideology and Practices:

• Crimes linked to belief system and practices of Nazis.
• Nazi ideology aligned with Hitler’s worldview.
• Racial Hierarchy: Aryan Germans at top, Jews at lowest, other races in between.
• Borrowed Ideology: Hitler’s racism influenced by Darwin and Spencer.
• Survival of the Fittest: Idea that strongest race thrives, weak perish.
• Aryan Dominance: Aryan race seen as superior, aimed to dominate world.

Lebensraum and Geopolitics:

• Geopolitical Concept: Lebensraum or acquiring living space.
• Territorial Acquisition: New lands for settlement to enhance mother country’s area, resources, and power.
• Eastward Expansion: Hitler aimed to move east, gather Germans in one place.
• Poland Experiment: Poland used as testing ground for territorial expansion.

A Racial State

• Nazis aimed to establish a pure German racial community.
• Only ‘pure and healthy Nordic Aryans’ considered desirable for society.
• Euthanasia Program: Condemned mentally/physically unfit Germans to death.

Targets of Persecution

• Not only Jews, but Gypsies, blacks, Russians, Poles also classified as ‘undesirable’.
• Gypsies and blacks viewed as racial ‘inferiors’, persecuted as threats to Aryan purity.
• Russians and Poles considered subhuman, subjected to forced labor, starvation.

Jewish Suffering:

• Jews worst sufferers, rooted in traditional Christian hostility.
• Persecuted throughout history, subjected to organized violence, expulsion.
• Hitler’s Hatred: Based on pseudo scientific racial theories, believed only elimination was solution.
• Phases of Persecution: Initial terror, pauperization, segregation (1933-1938), then concentration and mass killing (1939-1945) in Poland.

A Racial Utopia

• Nazis combined genocide and war.
• Occupied Poland divided: NW annexed to Germany, rest as General Government.
• Ethnic Cleansing: Poles displaced, replaced by ethnic Germans from occupied Europe.
• Polish Intelligentsia: Targeted, large-scale killings to keep population subservient.
• Forced Separation: Aryan-looking Polish children taken, tested; raised in German families if they passed.
• General Government: Large ghettos, gas chambers; became killing fields for Jews.

Hitler’s Interest in Youth

• Hitler believed in instilling Nazi ideology in children for a strong society.
• Control Inside and Outside Schools: Indoctrination required control in schools and beyond.

Schools under Nazism

• Schools ‘cleansed’ and ‘purified’: Dismissal of Jewish or ‘politically unreliable’ teachers.
• Segregation: Germans and Jews couldn’t interact; ‘undesirable’ children excluded.
• Nazi Schooling Process: Prolonged ideological training, rewritten textbooks, racial science introduced.
• Indoctrination: Taught loyalty, submission, hatred for Jews, worship of Hitler.
• Sports: Promoted aggression, violence, and masculinity.

Hitler on Youth

• Youth organizations educated German youth in ‘National Socialism’ spirit.
• Jungvolk: 10-year-olds entered; at 14, joined Hitler Youth.
• Ideology: Learned to worship war, glorify aggression, hate Jews, communists, Gypsies.
• Labor Service and Armed Forces: After training, joined Labor Service, then armed forces.
• Nazi Organizations: Further involvement in Nazi groups.

Gender Roles in Nazi Germany

• Children taught radical gender differences.
• Fight for equal rights seen as destructive; contrasting democratic struggles.
• Boys: Trained to be aggressive, masculine, steel-hearted.
• Girls: Taught to be good mothers, rear Aryan children, maintain race purity, teach Nazi values.

Motherhood and Rewards

• Hitler’s State: Mother as vital citizen.
• Unequal Treatment: Different treatment for mothers based on children’s racial desirability.
• Rewards for Racially Desirable Children: Favored hospital treatment, concessions in shops, theaters, railway fares.
• Encouragement: Honour Crosses for bearing many children – bronze for 4, silver for 6, gold for 8+.

Punishment and Condemnation

• Condemnation of Deviant Aryan Women: Publicly shamed and severely punished.
• Contact with Jews, Poles, Russians: Led to public parades with shaved heads, blackened faces, placards.
• Offences: Many faced jail, lost civic honor, husbands, and families for ‘criminal offences’.

The Art of Propaganda

• Nazis used language and media carefully and effectively.
• Deceptive Terms: Coined terms to describe practices without using explicit words like ‘kill’ or ‘murder’.
• Examples: Special treatment, final solution, euthanasia, selection, disinfections.
• Gas Chambers: Labeled as ‘disinfection-areas’, resembling bathrooms with fake showerheads.

Media Influence and Propaganda

• Media utilized to gain support, spread Nazi ideas.
• Visual Images, Films, Radio, Posters, Slogans, Leaflets: Used to popularize Nazi worldview.
• Stereotyping ‘Enemies’: Posters portrayed targeted groups as evil, weak, degenerate.
• Propaganda Films: Created hatred for Jews, e.g., “The Eternal Jew”.
• Orthodox Jews Stereotyped: Depicted with flowing beards, kaftans, despite assimilation.
• Dehumanization: Jews referred to as vermin, pests, rodents.

Manipulating Emotions and Hatred

• Nazism manipulated minds, tapped emotions, directed hatred and anger towards ‘undesirable’.
• Appeal to Different Sections: Nazis aimed to win support, claimed to solve all problems for various population groups.